Research Library
Compound Research Profiles
Factual overviews, molecular details, and summaries of published research for every compound in our catalog. All information is sourced from peer-reviewed literature.
BPC-157
Body Protection Compound-157
BPC-157 is a synthetic pentadecapeptide (15 amino acids) derived from a naturally occurring protein found in human gastric juice. First characterized in the early 1990s, it has since become one of the most extensively studied peptides in preclinical research. Unlike typical peptides, BPC-157 demonstrates notable stability in gastric environments, resisting degradation by pepsin and other gastric proteases.
View profile →GHK-Cu
Copper Tripeptide (Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine Copper)
GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper-peptide complex consisting of the tripeptide glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine chelated with a copper ion (Cu²⁺). First isolated from human plasma in 1973 by biochemist Loren Pickart, it is naturally present in human plasma, saliva, and urine. Plasma GHK-Cu levels correlate with age, declining from approximately 200 ng/mL in younger individuals to around 80 ng/mL by age 60.
View profile →NEP-3R
Triple-Receptor Agonist Peptide (GLP-1/GIP/Glucagon)
NEP-3R is a synthetic research peptide designed to simultaneously engage three distinct metabolic receptor pathways: the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R), the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR), and the glucagon receptor (GCGR). Multi-receptor agonism represents a newer area of metabolic research, exploring how simultaneous activation of these pathways affects energy homeostasis, glucose regulation, and lipid metabolism.
View profile →NEP-2T
Dual GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Agonist
NEP-2T is a synthetic 39-amino-acid peptide that acts as a dual agonist at the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor and the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor. A C20 fatty-diacid moiety promotes albumin binding and extends its plasma half-life to approximately five days, supporting once-weekly administration in research protocols. Dual GIP/GLP-1 agonism is an active area of metabolic research, studied for its combined effects on insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis, appetite signaling, and body-weight regulation.
View profile →Melanotan II
Synthetic Cyclic Melanocortin Receptor Agonist
Melanotan II is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide and non-selective agonist of melanocortin receptors (MC1R, MC3R, MC4R, and MC5R). Developed as a research tool to investigate melanocortin signaling pathways, it is an analog of the naturally occurring alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). First studied in the 1990s, subsequent research has revealed activity across multiple physiological systems regulated by melanocortin signaling.
View profile →NAD+
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (Oxidized Form)
NAD+ is a coenzyme found universally in all living cells, functioning as a critical cofactor in cellular redox reactions and energy metabolism. It exists in two reversible forms: NAD+ (oxidized) and NADH (reduced). First characterized in the 1920s, NAD+ has become central to research on aging, mitochondrial function, and metabolic homeostasis, driven by the observation that cellular NAD+ levels decline significantly with age.
View profile →Semax
Synthetic ACTH(4-10) Analog
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide derived from the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) fragment 4-10. Developed in Russia in the 1990s, this seven-amino-acid peptide was engineered with enhanced stability through the addition of a Pro-Gly-Pro extension at the C-terminus. The peptide has been studied for its neuroprotective and cognitive-modulatory properties through mechanisms involving neurotrophic factor regulation and neurotransmitter system activation.
View profile →Selank
Synthetic Tuftsin Analog
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide derived from tuftsin, an endogenous immunomodulatory tetrapeptide fragment of immunoglobulin G. Developed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Selank was engineered by extending the tuftsin core (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg) with a Pro-Gly-Pro tripeptide to improve metabolic stability and half-life. The peptide exhibits dual properties: immunomodulation and neuromodulation through GABAergic and monoaminergic pathways.
View profile →MOTS-C
Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c
MOTS-c is a 16-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) encoded by the mitochondrial MT-RNR1 gene rather than the nuclear genome. Discovered in 2015, it represents a unique class of bioactive compounds derived from organellar genomes. The peptide is activated by metabolic stress and physical exercise, with expression declining with age. MOTS-c signals through the folate-AICAR-AMPK pathway, and is the first mitochondrial-encoded peptide to advance into human clinical trials.
View profile →Tesamorelin
Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) Analog
Tesamorelin is a synthetic analog of human growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), consisting of the 44-amino acid sequence of endogenous GHRH with a trans-3-hexenoic acid modification at the N-terminus. This structural modification enhances receptor binding affinity and confers resistance to enzymatic degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV), significantly extending the compound's biological half-life compared to native GHRH. First developed for clinical investigation in the early 2000s, tesamorelin acts by binding to GHRH receptors on anterior pituitary somatotroph cells, stimulating the pulsatile release of endogenous growth hormone through the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway.
View profile →DSIP
Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide
DSIP is a nonapeptide (9 amino acids) first isolated in the 1970s from the cerebral venous blood of rabbits during electrically induced sleep. One of the earliest characterized sleep-associated neuropeptides, it has been investigated for roles that extend beyond sleep architecture, including modulation of the stress (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis, thermoregulation, and antioxidant defense. Despite decades of study its precise receptor targets and mechanism of action remain incompletely defined, and the majority of the work to date is preclinical.
View profile →PT-141
Bremelanotide — Cyclic Melanocortin Receptor Agonist
PT-141, known in the research literature as bremelanotide, is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide analog of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). It acts as a non-selective agonist at melanocortin receptors, with activity at the MC3R and MC4R subtypes that participate in central nervous system signaling. A lactam bridge between two side chains and an N-terminal acetyl-norleucine give it greater metabolic stability than the native hormone. Published clinical and preclinical research on bremelanotide has examined melanocortin-pathway activation; that work is external literature on the studied compound and is summarized here for research context only, without any therapeutic or medical claim.
View profile →KPV
Lysine-Proline-Valine (α-MSH C-terminal tripeptide)
KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) is a tripeptide identical to the C-terminal three residues of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). Unlike the full hormone it shows little pigmentary activity; instead, research has focused on its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Preclinical studies have examined its ability to dampen pro-inflammatory signaling — including NF-κB pathway activity — and its uptake through intestinal peptide transporters in models of mucosal inflammation. Findings to date are preclinical.
View profile →Adamax (Non-Amidated)
Non-Amidated Acetylated Semax Analog (Ac-MEHFPGPAG)
Adamax is a synthetic nonapeptide derived from Semax (itself an analog of the ACTH(4-7) fragment Met-Glu-His-Phe). It adds an N-terminal acetyl group and a C-terminal Ala-Gly extension to the Semax core, giving the sequence Ac-Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro-Ala-Gly. This listing is the non-amidated (free-acid) form, molecular weight 984.10. As a newer designer analog, Adamax has limited peer-reviewed literature specific to it; most available research pertains to the parent Semax scaffold and the broader family of ACTH- and melanocortin-derived neuropeptides. The molecular data here is provided for identification; the summarized research reflects the parent scaffold rather than clinical evidence for this analog.
View profile →Bacteriostatic Water
Sterile Water with 0.9% Benzyl Alcohol
Bacteriostatic water is a sterile, non-pyrogenic preparation of distilled water containing 0.9% benzyl alcohol as a bacteriostatic preservative. It serves as the standard solvent for reconstituting lyophilized peptide powders in research applications, providing a chemically inert vehicle that does not introduce salts or other solutes that might interfere with peptide stability or biological assays. The benzyl alcohol inhibits bacterial growth for up to 28 days post-opening when used under aseptic technique.
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