NAD+
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (Oxidized Form)
Molecular Details
Overview
NAD+ is a coenzyme found universally in all living cells, functioning as a critical cofactor in cellular redox reactions and energy metabolism. It exists in two reversible forms: NAD+ (oxidized) and NADH (reduced). First characterized in the 1920s, NAD+ has become central to research on aging, mitochondrial function, and metabolic homeostasis, driven by the observation that cellular NAD+ levels decline significantly with age.
Published Research
NAD+ & Mitochondrial Function in Aging
Review / Mechanistic analysis · 2025Research demonstrated that declining NAD+ levels with age directly impair mitochondrial membrane potential, reduce ATP generation efficiency, and decrease autophagic flux. NAD+ restoration improved mitochondrial NAD+/NADH ratios and membrane integrity in human primary cells.
NAD+ Repletion & Lifespan in Aged Mice
In vivo (mouse) · 2016A seminal study published in Science showed that NAD+ repletion in aged mice improved mitochondrial and stem cell function, leading to enhanced tissue regeneration and modest lifespan extension, establishing a causal link between NAD+ levels and longevity phenotypes.
NAD+ Precursor Supplementation in Humans
Human clinical (RCT) · 2024Clinical trials with NAD+ precursors demonstrated that supplementation elevates blood NAD+ by 50–100% above baseline, with short-term benefits including improved muscle insulin sensitivity and reduced arterial stiffness.
NAD+ & Immune Cell Regulation
Cell biology / Immunology · 2023Research revealed that cellular NAD+ levels directly influence T-cell function, macrophage polarization, and inflammatory response capacity, linking NAD+ depletion to immunological aging.
Storage & Handling
Store lyophilized powder at –20°C or below (up to 3–5 years). Reconstituted solutions: 2–8°C for 7–10 days maximum. Prevent freeze-thaw cycles. Protect from moisture and light. Do not use after 30 days from reconstitution.
For research purposes only. Not intended for human consumption. This profile summarizes published preclinical literature and does not constitute medical, clinical, or dosage guidance.